From the definition , obtain = by the chain rule.
Of course, the astute reader realizes that the prime is being used to designate differentiation with respect to both and . However, the explicit display of the argument of T clarifies the differentiation variable.
In the following analysis of the formula , the prime will represent differentiation with respect to .
Since , . Then,
where because T is collinear with itself. Next, obtain
where = because and are orthogonal, and where because is a unit vector. Finally, then,
=