Breather Pseudosphere - Maple Help

Breather Pseudosphere

Main Concept

A pseudosphere is a surface first explored by Eugenio Beltrami in 1868 that has constant negative curvature. In differential geometry, the Gaussian curvature of a sphere is  where $R$ is the radius of the sphere; accordingly a pseudosphere has a Gaussian curvature of . The breather pseudosphere is a one type of pseudosphere which is related to a nonlinear wave solution to the sine-Gordon equation called the breather. The parameterization of the surface in ${\mathrm{ℝ}}^{3}$ depends on three parameters which can be adjusted in the demonstration below.

 The sine-Gordon equation The sine-Gordon equation is a pun on the famous Klein-Gordon equation for relativistic quantum mechanics. The sine-Gordon equation in 1+1 dimensions, that is one spatial and one temporal, is:   ,   which is very similar to the 1+1 dimensional Klein-Gordon equation:   .   The solutions to the sine-Gordon equation correspond to pseudospherical surfaces, where the function ${\mathrm{Φ}}_{}\left(x,t\right)$ is re-expressed in asymptote coordinates to describe a surface. Physicists instead interpret $\mathrm{Φ}\left(x,t\right)$ in real space-time as a wave propagating in the$±x-$direction through time $t$. This wave is nonlinear; consequently it does not dissipate when traveling at a constant velocity. One solution to the sine-Gordon equation is: ,   where is a periodic function (Nonlinear Waves, Solitons, and Chaos, 2nd ed. by Infeld and Rowlands). Two properties of this solution are that it maintains its shape as it travels at constant velocity, and that its energy remains localized. Turning this into asymptotic coordinates  , gives the function: $\phantom{\rule[-0.0ex]{0.0em}{0.0ex}}\phantom{\rule[-0.0ex]{0.0em}{0.0ex}}$,   for the surface corresponding to a breather function. The parameter $b$ changes the number of 'ribs' in the surface, and as $b\to 1$, the surface transforms into the Kuen surface.

 $\mathbit{b}$ parameter Transparency $\mathbit{u}$ range $\mathbit{v}$ range

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